Crawford Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

Derived from the Gaelic word cru meaning bloody, and ford meaning pass or crossing, the CRAWFORD surname is believed by most to mean a crossing of blood. Believed to be first assumed by the proprietor of the lands and barony of Crawford, in Lanarkshire, Scotland, Crawford is often a  habitational name  derived from several different places called  Crawford  (e.g. in South Lanarkshire, Scotland; Dorset, England; and Somerset, England). A possible similar derivation for the Crawford last name comes from crawe meaning crow and ford meaning pass or crossing. Alternate Surname Spellings:  CROFFORD, CRAWFFORD, CRAUFURD, CRUFORD. Also a variant of CROWFOOT. Surname Origin: English, Scottish, northern Irish Famous People with the Crawford Surname Joan Crawford - American film and theater actress, and pin-up girlCindy Crawford - American model, film actress and television personality Genealogy Resources for the Surname Crawford Meanings of Common English SurnamesUncover the meaning of your English last name with this free guide to English surname meanings and origins for the most common English surnames. CRAWFORD Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Crawford ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - CRAWFORD GenealogySearch or browse for free access to digitized records and lineage-linked family trees for the Crawford surname on FamilySearch.org, the website of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. CRAWFORD Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Crawford surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - CRAWFORD Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Crawford. -- Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings -- Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Crystallization, Sugar, and Fudge Lab - 840 Words

Brittany Gecik Dr. Sowa Experimental Foods Lab February 13, 2013 Crystallization, Sugar, and Fudge Lab Report Introduction: Controlled crystal formation is important to acquire a certain texture in crystalline candy. Crystalline candies are smooth, creamy, and easily chewed with a definite structure of small crystals that resemble tiny snowflakes. Examples of crystalline candies are fondant, fudge, and penuche. When a concentration of sugar is higher than 121 degrees Celsius, it is an amorphous or non-crystalline candy, these are candies formed from a sugar solution that does not crystallize such as peanut brittle, and caramel. The purpose of this lab is to understand how temperature influences the texture, and firmness of†¦show more content†¦What I did try from the fondant we made it had a gritty like consistence slightly resembling sand, very hard to chew, and suck to our teeth. It was extremely molar impacting. The reason for the yellow glossy color and large crystals was because we over cooked the fondant. It was more like a rock candy then a fondant. The reason why we believed it t urned into an amorphous candy was because the thermometers we were using for both

James Rockafeller Essay Example For Students

James Rockafeller Essay John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 May 23, 1937) was the guiding force behind the creation and development of the Standard Oil Company, which grew to dominate the oil industry and became one of the first big trusts in the United States, thus engendering much controversy and opposition regarding its business practices and form of organization. Rockefeller also was one of the first major philanthropists in the U.S., establishing several important foundations and donating a total of $540 million to charitable purposes. Rockefeller was born on farm at Richford, in Tioga County, New York, on July 8, 1839, the second of the six children of William A. and Eliza (Davison) Rockefeller. The family lived in modest circumstances. When he was a boy, the family moved to Moravia and later to Owego, New York, before going west to Ohio in 1853. The Rockefellers bought a house in Strongsville, near Cleveland, and John entered Central High School in Cleveland. While he was a student he rented a ro om in the city and joined the Erie Street Baptist Church, this later became the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church. Rockefeller started to work at the age of 16 as a clerk in a small produce firm. After that he formed a partnership in a grain commission house. Cleveland was a good place to organize something big in the oil business. There were two major east-west railroads in Cleveland. Also, Cleveland was on Lake Erie, which was big enough for large ships to harbor. This made it possible to transport the oil easily. Rockefeller was determined to make Cleveland the center of oil business. Before he was able to accomplish this feat, he would eventually create the largest oil company in the world in Cleveland, titled Standard Oil. Starting with a small sum of money Rockefeller bought a small oil refinery in Cleveland. He then bought up other refineries in Cleveland and oil wells in Pennsylvania as well. As result of Rockefeller’s efforts taking over the oil industry, other oilmen went out of business. Consequently, the railroads that carried the oil needed Rockefeller’s freight more th an ever. Rockefeller was a very intelligent businessman. He arranged for two very big railroads passing through Cleveland to compete for his large business. He did this by bargaining and threatening one or the other railroad, telling them that he might give all of his business to the other. This method worked. He finally forced the railroads to charge him lower prices than they charged anybody else. By confidential dealings he pretended to pay the regular rates. Then later the railroads gave him back a rebate, which was a refund on each barrel of his oil that they had hauled. Shortly, they even gave him rebates on what opposing oil companies shipped. After he perfected these tactics, he went to the small refineries in other parts of the country, and asked them to sell their companies to him. He would say, If you don’t sell your property it will be valueless, because we have advantages with the railroads. Rockefeller would then offer them a much lower price for the refinery th en the owners thought it was worth. Still the refineries would sell because they knew the mass power that Rockefeller had and how he could put them out of business easily. After a while it became cheaper to pump oil through pipelines instead of packaging it in barrels. As a result, Rockefeller created his own pipeline. Rockefeller’s great business in the oil industry had even reached around the world. For example, in China Standard Oil sold millions of inexpensive oil lamps and then sold the oil to fill them with. As time passed on people all over the world were using oil from American wells. Now Americans could afford a lamp in every room, and they did not have to go to bed at sunset anymore. By the 1900s, little did Rockefeller know that the whole nation would be moving on wheels. The car was invented, then petroleum was refined into gasoline and used as fuel for the cars. All this made it possible for cars to move as they do today. Consequently Rockefeller’s company continued to grow. Although Rockefeller could be ruthless in business, he was generous contributing to society. Rockefeller was 57 years old in 1896 when he decided that others should take over the day-to-day leadership of Standard Oil. He now focused his efforts on philanthropy, giving away the bulk of his fortune in ways designed to do the most good as determined by careful study, experience and the help of expert advisers. Even while he was still struggling to make his way he gave one-tenth of his profits to charities and Baptist churches. Before his death in 1937, Rockefeller gave away well over 500 million dollars. Most of the money went to foundations and organizations. Some of the more well known foundations that he created are the Rockefeller Foundation, Rockefeller Institute, the General Education Board, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial. Today the Rockefeller name lives on through the institutions he founded. John D. Rockefeller started with very little, amassed a fortune, and then gave back to the country that made it possible for him to be so successful. To sum this all up Rockefeller created extremely successful companies, he used what are now corrupt methods in some aspects of his corporation building to get to the top. The success of the Standard Oil Company is credited to the fact that its owners ran them with great authority. In this very competitive time period, many new businesses were being formed. It took talented businessmen such as Rockefeller to get ahead and keep the companies running and make the fortunes that were made during this period. Bibliography: